⚡ Cụm từ & mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân và tương phản (Clauses & Phrases of Reason and Contrast) · B2
Nguyên nhân: because / as / since / now that + MỆNH ĐỀ ↔ because of / due to / owing to / on account of + DANH TỪ / V-ing. Tương phản: although / even though / though / while / whereas + MỆNH ĐỀ ↔ despite / in spite of + DANH TỪ / V-ing. Khi bí, dùng "the fact that + mệnh đề". Nối hai câu: however, nevertheless, on the other hand.
🧠 Học bài này có minh họa & bài tập (miễn phí) →Công thức
| Nguyên nhân + cụm danh từ | S + V + because of / due to / owing to + N / V-ing The flight was delayed because of strong winds. |
| Nguyên nhân + mệnh đề | Because / As / Since / Now that + S + V + , S + V Now that I have a car, I rarely take the bus. |
| Tương phản + mệnh đề | Although / Even though / Though + S + V + , S + V Although the hotel was expensive, the service was poor. |
| Tương phản + cụm danh từ | Despite / In spite of + N / V-ing + , S + V Despite feeling tired, she finished the report. |
| … the fact that + mệnh đề | Despite / Due to + the fact that + S + V + , S + V Despite the fact that it was raining, the event went ahead. |
| Đối lập hai vế | S + V + , whereas / while + S + V Some people prefer cities, whereas others enjoy rural life. |
Cách dùng
- As / since: lý do người nghe đã biết, thường đứng đầu câu
As it was getting late, we decided to take a taxi. – Vì trời đã muộn, chúng tôi quyết định đi taxi. - Due to thường đứng sau be; owing to trang trọng hơn because of
The delay was due to a technical problem. – Sự chậm trễ là do một sự cố kỹ thuật. - Even though nhấn mạnh hơn although (dù thực tế là…)
Even though he had studied hard, he failed the test. – Dù đã học rất chăm, anh ấy vẫn trượt. - However / Nevertheless: trạng từ nối HAI câu, theo sau là dấu phẩy
The plan was expensive. However, it was approved. – Kế hoạch tốn kém. Tuy nhiên, nó vẫn được duyệt. - On the other hand: nêu mặt còn lại của vấn đề
Cities offer more jobs. On the other hand, they are often polluted. – Thành phố có nhiều việc làm hơn. Mặt khác, chúng thường ô nhiễm.
| Nghĩa | + Mệnh đề (S + V) | + Cụm danh từ / V-ing |
| Nguyên nhân | because, as, since, now that, due to the fact that | because of, due to, owing to, on account of |
| Nhượng bộ (mặc dù) | although, even though, though, despite the fact that | despite, in spite of |
| Đối lập (trong khi) | while, whereas | — |
| Nối hai câu | However, … / Nevertheless, … / On the other hand, … | — |
| Mệnh đề | Cụm từ tương đương |
| because the price was high | because of the high price |
| because he was ill | because of his illness / because of being ill |
| although she is young | despite her youth / despite being young |
| although it was raining heavily | in spite of the heavy rain |
| since the economy is weak | due to the weak economy |
| although they tried hard | despite their efforts / despite trying hard |
Lỗi hay gặp
❌ Despite of the rain, we went out.
✅ Despite the rain, we went out.
Despite không có of (in spite of mới có of).
❌ Although he was tired, but he kept working.
✅ Although he was tired, he kept working.
Không dùng although và but cùng lúc.
❌ Because of the traffic was heavy, I was late.
✅ Because the traffic was heavy, I was late.
Sau because of là cụm danh từ; có mệnh đề (S + V) thì dùng because.
❌ In spite of she was ill, she went to work.
✅ In spite of being ill, she went to work.
In spite of + V-ing / N; hoặc in spite of the fact that she was ill.
Ứng dụng trong IELTS
Task 2: dùng while / whereas để so sánh hai quan điểm, although / despite the fact that để nhượng bộ trước khi phản biện, owing to / due to cho văn phong trang trọng. Xen kẽ mệnh đề và cụm danh từ giúp tăng Grammatical Range.
✏️ Làm bài tập Clauses & Phrases of Reason and Contrast →← Cụm từ & mệnh đề chỉ mục đích và kết quảAs if, It's time, would rather + quá khứ giả định →
© Lexkite – bài mẫu tự biên soạn, miễn phí cho người học.