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🔭 TOEFL Lectures – từ theo ngành học · Từ vựng theo kỳ thi · 113 từ

Sinh học, địa chất, thiên văn, lịch sử nghệ thuật, nhân học, tâm lý học – từ chuyên ngành hay gặp trong bài giảng

🃏 Học bộ này bằng flashcard (miễn phí) →

photosynthesis /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n	quang hợp Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a by-product, which animals then breathe.
organism /ˈɔːɡənɪzəm/ n	sinh vật Even the smallest organism plays a part in the wider food web.
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n	loài Scientists discover thousands of new insect species every year.
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ n	môi trường sống Loss of habitat is the biggest threat to many forest birds.
ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n	hệ sinh thái Removing a single predator can upset the balance of an entire ecosystem.
predator /ˈpredətə/ n	động vật săn mồi The bright colours warn predators that the frog is poisonous.
prey /preɪ/ n	con mồi Owls hunt their prey mainly by sound rather than sight.
food chain /ˈfuːd tʃeɪn/ n	chuỗi thức ăn Chemicals from farms can build up as they move up the food chain.
adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ n	sự thích nghi; đặc điểm thích nghi The camel's wide feet are an adaptation to walking on sand.
natural selection /ˌnætʃrəl sɪˈlekʃn/ n	chọn lọc tự nhiên Darwin argued that natural selection explains the variety of life on Earth.
evolve /iˈvɒlv/ v	tiến hóa; phát triển dần Whales evolved from land mammals that returned to the sea.
gene /dʒiːn/ n	gen A single gene determines whether this flower is red or white.
chromosome /ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/ n	nhiễm sắc thể Humans normally have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes.
bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/ n	vi khuẩn Not all bacteria are harmful; many help us digest food.
enzyme /ˈenzaɪm/ n	enzim, men Enzymes in saliva start breaking down starch as soon as we chew.
nutrient /ˈnjuːtriənt/ n	chất dinh dưỡng Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
metabolism /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ n	sự trao đổi chất Hibernating animals slow their metabolism to save energy.
respiration /ˌrespəˈreɪʃn/ n	sự hô hấp Plants carry out respiration both during the day and at night.
cell division /ˈsel dɪˌvɪʒn/ n	sự phân bào Rapid cell division allows the embryo to grow quickly.
migrate /maɪˈɡreɪt/ v	di cư These butterflies migrate thousands of kilometres to spend the winter in Mexico.
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ adj	tuyệt chủng The dodo became extinct less than a century after humans reached its island.
biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/ n	đa dạng sinh học Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity on the planet.
colony /ˈkɒləni/ n	quần thể, đàn (sống tập thể) An ant colony can contain millions of workers but only one queen.
spawn /spɔːn/ v	đẻ trứng (cá, ếch) Salmon swim back up the river where they were born in order to spawn.
nocturnal /nɒkˈtɜːnl/ adj	(hoạt động) về đêm Most bats are nocturnal and sleep in caves during the day.
marine /məˈriːn/ adj	(thuộc) biển Marine biologists are tracking the movements of the sharks with radio tags.
coral reef /ˈkɒrəl riːf/ n	rạn san hô Warmer water causes coral reefs to lose their colour and die.
hybrid /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ n	con lai, cây lai A mule is a hybrid of a horse and a donkey.
erosion /ɪˈrəʊʒn/ n	sự xói mòn Over millions of years, erosion by the river carved out the canyon.
deposition /ˌdepəˈzɪʃn/ n	sự bồi tụ, lắng đọng Deposition at the mouth of the river slowly builds up new land.
glacier /ˈɡlæsiə/ n	sông băng As the glacier retreated, it left behind piles of rock and gravel.
volcano /vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/ n	núi lửa The island was formed by an underwater volcano.
lava /ˈlɑːvə/ n	dung nham When lava cools quickly, it forms a smooth black rock.
erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ v	phun trào The volcano last erupted nearly two hundred years ago.
earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ n	động đất The earthquake measured 7.2 and was felt three hundred kilometres away.
seismic /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ adj	(thuộc) địa chấn Seismic waves travel at different speeds through solid and liquid rock.
subduction /səbˈdʌkʃn/ n	sự hút chìm (mảng kiến tạo) Deep ocean trenches form at subduction zones.
mineral /ˈmɪnərəl/ n	khoáng chất, khoáng vật Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust.
limestone /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/ n	đá vôi Rainwater slowly dissolves limestone, creating huge underground caves.
granite /ˈɡrænɪt/ n	đá granit, đá hoa cương Granite is so durable that it is often used for monuments.
aquifer /ˈækwɪfə/ n	tầng ngậm nước Farmers are pumping water from the aquifer faster than rain can refill it.
groundwater /ˈɡraʊndwɔːtə/ n	nước ngầm Many villages depend entirely on groundwater for drinking.
canyon /ˈkænjən/ n	hẻm núi The canyon walls reveal layers of rock that are millions of years old.
stalactite /ˈstæləktaɪt/ n	thạch nhũ (rủ từ trần hang) It can take a thousand years for a stalactite to grow a few centimetres.
topsoil /ˈtɒpsɔɪl/ n	lớp đất mặt Strong winds blew away the topsoil after the grassland was ploughed.
petrified /ˈpetrɪfaɪd/ adj	hóa đá The desert contains a forest of petrified trees over 200 million years old.
landform /ˈlændfɔːm/ n	dạng địa hình Glaciers created many of the landforms we see in northern Europe today.
silt /sɪlt/ n	phù sa, bùn non The annual floods covered the fields with rich silt.
galaxy /ˈɡæləksi/ n	thiên hà Our solar system lies in one of the spiral arms of the galaxy.
orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/ n	quỹ đạo Mars takes about 687 Earth days to complete one orbit of the Sun.
solar system /ˈsəʊlə ˌsɪstəm/ n	hệ Mặt Trời Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.
constellation /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/ n	chòm sao Sailors once used familiar constellations to find their way at night.
telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/ n	kính thiên văn The space telescope can detect light from galaxies billions of years old.
atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə/ n	khí quyển Venus has a thick atmosphere that traps an enormous amount of heat.
satellite /ˈsætəlaɪt/ n	vệ tinh The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
black hole /ˌblæk ˈhəʊl/ n	hố đen A black hole forms when a very large star collapses.
red giant /ˌred ˈdʒaɪənt/ n	sao khổng lồ đỏ In about five billion years, the Sun will swell into a red giant.
white dwarf /ˌwaɪt ˈdwɔːf/ n	sao lùn trắng A white dwarf is about the size of Earth but far heavier.
nuclear fusion /ˌnjuːkliə ˈfjuːʒn/ n	phản ứng tổng hợp hạt nhân Stars shine because of nuclear fusion in their cores.
radiation /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ n	bức xạ The magnetic field protects the planet from harmful solar radiation.
axis /ˈæksɪs/ n	trục (quay) The tilt of Earth's axis is what gives us the seasons.
solar wind /ˌsəʊlə ˈwɪnd/ n	gió Mặt Trời The solar wind pushes a comet's tail away from the Sun.
Big Bang /ˌbɪɡ ˈbæŋ/ n	vụ nổ lớn (khởi nguyên vũ trụ) Most astronomers agree that the Big Bang happened about 13.8 billion years ago.
cosmic /ˈkɒzmɪk/ adj	(thuộc) vũ trụ Faint cosmic radiation still remains from the early universe.
lunar /ˈluːnə/ adj	(thuộc) Mặt Trăng Rock samples from the lunar surface were brought back in 1969.
portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ n	tranh chân dung Wealthy merchants paid artists to paint portraits of their families.
linear perspective /ˌlɪniə pəˈspektɪv/ n	phối cảnh tuyến tính Linear perspective made Renaissance paintings appear far more realistic.
canvas /ˈkænvəs/ n	vải toan, bức tranh sơn dầu Painting on canvas was lighter and cheaper than painting on wooden panels.
brushstroke /ˈbrʌʃstrəʊk/ n	nét cọ His loose, visible brushstrokes shocked the critics of the time.
patron /ˈpeɪtrən/ n	nhà bảo trợ (nghệ thuật) The artist's main patron was a wealthy banking family in Florence.
commission /kəˈmɪʃn/ v	đặt làm (tác phẩm) The church commissioned a series of paintings for its altar.
masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/ n	kiệt tác Many critics consider the ceiling paintings his greatest masterpiece.
Baroque /bəˈrɒk/ adj	(phong cách) Ba-rốc Baroque churches are filled with gold, curves and dramatic light.
Romanticism /rəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ n	chủ nghĩa lãng mạn Romanticism reacted against the strict rules of earlier classical art.
Cubism /ˈkjuːbɪzəm/ n	trường phái lập thể Cubism broke a face into flat shapes seen from different directions.
engraving /ɪnˈɡreɪvɪŋ/ n	bản khắc; tranh khắc Cheap engravings allowed ordinary people to own copies of famous paintings.
woodcut /ˈwʊdkʌt/ n	tranh khắc gỗ Japanese woodcuts had a strong influence on European painters.
tempera /ˈtempərə/ n	màu keo trứng (tempera) Before oil paint became popular, most panels were painted in tempera.
symmetry /ˈsɪmətri/ n	sự cân xứng, đối xứng Classical temples are admired for their perfect symmetry.
relief /rɪˈliːf/ n	phù điêu The temple walls are covered with reliefs showing scenes of battle.
aesthetic /iːsˈθetɪk/ adj	(thuộc) thẩm mỹ The objects were made for daily use, but they also have great aesthetic value.
artifact /ˈɑːtɪfækt/ n	hiện vật, đồ tạo tác Archaeologists found stone tools and other artifacts near the river.
ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ n	nghi lễ The harvest ritual involved music, dancing and offerings of grain.
kinship /ˈkɪnʃɪp/ n	quan hệ họ hàng In many small societies, kinship determines who you are allowed to marry.
indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ adj	bản địa Indigenous communities have used these plants as medicine for centuries.
ancestor /ˈænsestə/ n	tổ tiên Our ancestors made the long journey out of Africa tens of thousands of years ago.
oral tradition /ˌɔːrəl trəˈdɪʃn/ n	truyền khẩu With no written language, the group preserved its history through oral tradition.
settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ n	khu định cư The earliest settlements grew up close to rivers and fertile land.
agrarian /əˈɡreəriən/ adj	(thuộc) nông nghiệp The move to an agrarian lifestyle allowed populations to grow rapidly.
pottery /ˈpɒtəri/ n	đồ gốm Fragments of painted pottery help date each layer of the site.
burial site /ˈberiəl saɪt/ n	khu mộ táng Jewellery found at the burial site suggests the person was of high status.
petroglyph /ˈpetrəɡlɪf/ n	hình khắc trên đá The petroglyphs show hunters following herds of deer.
cultural diffusion /ˌkʌltʃərəl dɪˈfjuːʒn/ n	sự lan tỏa văn hóa Trade routes encouraged cultural diffusion between Asia and Europe.
archaeological /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ adj	(thuộc) khảo cổ học Archaeological evidence shows that the city was abandoned suddenly.
carbon dating /ˌkɑːbən ˈdeɪtɪŋ/ n	định tuổi bằng carbon Carbon dating showed that the bones were about 9,000 years old.
Bronze Age /ˈbrɒnz eɪdʒ/ n	thời đại đồ đồng During the Bronze Age, long-distance trade in metals expanded greatly.
cognition /kɒɡˈnɪʃn/ n	nhận thức Lack of sleep has a measurable effect on cognition and reaction time.
perception /pəˈsepʃn/ n	sự tri giác, nhận thức Our perception of colour changes depending on the surrounding light.
short-term memory /ˌʃɔːt tɜːm ˈmeməri/ n	trí nhớ ngắn hạn Most people can keep about seven items in short-term memory.
long-term memory /ˌlɒŋ tɜːm ˈmeməri/ n	trí nhớ dài hạn Repeated practice moves information into long-term memory.
stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs/ n	tác nhân kích thích The dogs learned to respond to the sound of a bell as a stimulus.
conditioning /kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ n	sự tạo phản xạ có điều kiện Through conditioning, the pigeons learned to peck a key to get food.
reinforcement /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ n	sự củng cố (hành vi) Praise works as positive reinforcement for young learners.
behaviourism /bɪˈheɪvjərɪzəm/ n	thuyết hành vi Behaviourism dominated American psychology for much of the 20th century.
subconscious /ˌsʌbˈkɒnʃəs/ adj	(thuộc) tiềm thức Advertisers try to influence our subconscious preferences.
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ n	thiên kiến, định kiến Confirmation bias makes us notice only the evidence that supports our beliefs.
motivation /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/ n	động lực Students with strong intrinsic motivation tend to remember more.
developmental /dɪˌveləpˈmentl/ adj	(thuộc) sự phát triển Developmental psychologists study how babies learn language.
recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ v	nhớ lại Participants were asked to recall as many words from the list as possible.
placebo /pləˈsiːbəʊ/ n	giả dược Some patients improved even though they had only been given a placebo.
control group /kənˈtrəʊl ɡruːp/ n	nhóm đối chứng The control group did not take part in the memory training.
innate /ɪˈneɪt/ adj	bẩm sinh Some researchers believe the ability to learn language is innate.
instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/ n	bản năng Newly hatched turtles follow their instinct and head straight for the sea.