LexkiteWriting · Speaking · Từ vựng · Ngữ pháp · Viết thư

📖 IELTS Reading – từ học thuật & paraphrase · Từ vựng theo kỳ thi · 120 từ

Động từ nêu quan điểm – rào đón, từ nghiên cứu khoa học, từ nối học thuật hay bị paraphrase

🃏 Học bộ này bằng flashcard (miễn phí) →

assert /əˈsɜːt/ v	khẳng định chắc chắn The author asserts that early humans were far more mobile than believed.
contend /kənˈtend/ v	cho rằng, lập luận rằng Some historians contend that the famine was caused by policy, not weather.
postulate /ˈpɒstjuleɪt/ v	đưa ra giả thuyết Scientists postulated the existence of the planet before anyone saw it.
speculate /ˈspekjuleɪt/ v	suy đoán Researchers can only speculate about why the colony suddenly disappeared.
refute /rɪˈfjuːt/ v	bác bỏ (bằng chứng cứ) New fossil evidence refutes the idea that birds evolved late.
concede /kənˈsiːd/ v	thừa nhận (miễn cưỡng) The report concedes that the costs were higher than predicted.
ascribe /əˈskraɪb/ v	quy cho, cho là do Doctors once ascribed the illness to bad air rather than water.
corroborate /kəˈrɒbəreɪt/ v	chứng thực, xác nhận thêm Satellite images corroborate the villagers' accounts of the flood.
substantiate /səbˈstænʃieɪt/ v	chứng minh (bằng chứng cứ) The company failed to substantiate its claims about the product.
undermine /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/ v	làm suy yếu, phá hoại These results undermine the belief that bigger classes harm learning.
cast doubt on /ˌkɑːst ˈdaʊt ɒn/ phrase	làm dấy lên nghi ngờ về The latest study casts doubt on the benefits of vitamin supplements.
call into question /ˌkɔːl ɪntə ˈkwestʃən/ phrase	đặt dấu hỏi về The error calls into question the reliability of the entire survey.
endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/ v	tán thành, ủng hộ công khai Many experts endorse the use of bilingual teaching in early years.
uphold /ʌpˈhəʊld/ v	giữ vững, ủng hộ The panel voted to uphold the original conclusion despite strong criticism.
posit /ˈpɒzɪt/ v	đặt ra, cho rằng (làm tiền đề) The theory posits that language developed from simple gestures.
emphasise /ˈemfəsaɪz/ v	nhấn mạnh The writer emphasises that the trend began long before the internet.
point out /ˌpɔɪnt ˈaʊt/ phr v	chỉ ra Critics point out that the sample included only university students.
hypothesise /haɪˈpɒθəsaɪz/ v	đặt giả thuyết The team hypothesised that sleep loss would reduce memory accuracy.
theorise /ˈθɪəraɪz/ v	đưa ra lý thuyết Some scientists theorise that the moon was formed by a collision.
debunk /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/ v	vạch trần (quan niệm sai) The article debunks the myth that we use only ten percent of our brains.
overstate /ˌəʊvəˈsteɪt/ v	phóng đại The dangers of the new technology have been greatly overstated.
underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ v	đánh giá thấp Early planners underestimated how quickly the city would grow.
overestimate /ˌəʊvərˈestɪmeɪt/ v	đánh giá quá cao People tend to overestimate how much exercise they actually do.
rule out /ˌruːl ˈaʊt/ phr v	loại trừ (khả năng) Investigators have not ruled out human error as a cause.
bear out /ˌbeər ˈaʊt/ phr v	chứng thực, xác nhận Later experiments would bear out Darwin's ideas about the finches.
point to /ˈpɔɪnt tuː/ phr v	cho thấy, ám chỉ All the evidence points to a sudden change in climate.
shed light on /ˌʃed ˈlaɪt ɒn/ phrase	làm sáng tỏ The diaries shed light on daily life in eighteenth-century London.
lend support to /ˌlend səˈpɔːt tuː/ phrase	củng cố (cho một quan điểm) The findings lend support to the view that diet affects mood.
be credited with /biː ˈkredɪtɪd wɪð/ phrase	được ghi công là đã… Ada Lovelace is often credited with writing the first computer program.
draw on /ˈdrɔː ɒn/ phr v	dựa vào, sử dụng (nguồn) The book draws on interviews with more than two hundred farmers.
tentatively /ˈtentətɪvli/ adv	một cách dè dặt, tạm thời The researchers tentatively conclude that the drug slows memory loss.
tentative /ˈtentətɪv/ adj	chưa chắc chắn, thăm dò These are only tentative results, based on a small number of cases.
supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdli/ adv	được cho là The supposedly healthy snack actually contains a lot of sugar.
allegedly /əˈledʒɪdli/ adv	được cho là (chưa chứng minh) The painting was allegedly hidden in a farmhouse during the war.
ostensibly /ɒˈstensəbli/ adv	bề ngoài thì, nhìn bề ngoài The road was ostensibly built for farmers, but mainly served the army.
seemingly /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ adv	có vẻ như A seemingly minor change in temperature can kill an entire reef.
purportedly /pəˈpɔːtɪdli/ adv	được cho là, mạo xưng là The letter was purportedly written by the queen herself.
conceivably /kənˈsiːvəbli/ adv	có thể hình dung được, có khả năng The disease could conceivably spread to other parts of the country.
implausible /ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/ adj	khó tin, không hợp lý Early critics found the idea of moving continents implausible.
conclusive /kənˈkluːsɪv/ adj	có tính kết luận, thuyết phục There is still no conclusive evidence that the plant cures headaches.
inconclusive /ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv/ adj	chưa đi đến kết luận Results from the first trial were inconclusive, so a second was planned.
anecdotal /ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/ adj	dựa trên giai thoại (không khoa học) Most support for the remedy is anecdotal rather than scientific.
speculative /ˈspekjələtɪv/ adj	mang tính suy đoán Any estimate of the city's ancient population is highly speculative.
debatable /dɪˈbeɪtəbl/ adj	còn tranh cãi Whether the policy actually reduced crime is debatable.
contentious /kənˈtenʃəs/ adj	gây tranh cãi Testing on animals remains a contentious issue among scientists.
dubious /ˈdjuːbiəs/ adj	đáng ngờ The claim is based on dubious figures from an unknown source.
sceptical /ˈskeptɪkl/ adj	hoài nghi Many economists remain sceptical about the plan's benefits.
counterintuitive /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/ adj	trái với trực giác It seems counterintuitive, but adding roads can increase traffic.
unprecedented /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ adj	chưa từng có The region experienced an unprecedented rise in temperatures last summer.
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n	sự đồng thuận There is now a broad consensus that the climate is warming.
contention /kənˈtenʃn/ n	luận điểm; sự tranh cãi Her main contention is that cities should ban private cars.
rationale /ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/ n	lý do cơ bản, cơ sở lập luận The rationale for the study was to test cheaper treatments.
anomaly /əˈnɒməli/ n	sự bất thường At first the strange reading was dismissed as an anomaly.
causal link /ˌkɔːzl ˈlɪŋk/ n	mối quan hệ nhân quả The study found no causal link between video games and violence.
peer-reviewed /ˌpɪə rɪˈvjuːd/ adj	được bình duyệt Only peer-reviewed articles were included in the analysis.
randomised controlled trial /ˌrændəmaɪzd kənˌtrəʊld ˈtraɪəl/ n	thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng A randomised controlled trial is the most reliable way to test a medicine.
prevalence /ˈprevələns/ n	mức độ phổ biến The prevalence of short-sightedness has risen sharply among children.
onset /ˈɒnset/ n	sự khởi phát, bắt đầu Regular exercise may delay the onset of memory problems.
proliferation /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ n	sự gia tăng nhanh The proliferation of smartphones has changed how people read news.
deterioration /dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃn/ n	sự suy giảm, xuống cấp Air pollution has led to a deterioration in public health.
dwindle /ˈdwɪndl/ v	suy giảm dần Fish stocks in the bay have dwindled over the past thirty years.
curtail /kɜːˈteɪl/ v	cắt giảm, hạn chế The drought forced farmers to curtail their use of water.
exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ v	làm trầm trọng thêm Cutting down the forest exacerbated flooding in the valley.
aggravate /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ v	làm nặng thêm Dust and smoke can aggravate breathing problems in older people.
counteract /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/ v	chống lại, trung hòa Planting trees helps counteract the heat produced by concrete.
precipitate /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ v	gây ra đột ngột, đẩy nhanh The poor harvest precipitated a crisis in the region.
give rise to /ˌɡɪv ˈraɪz tuː/ phrase	làm nảy sinh, gây ra Cheap printing helped give rise to a new class of readers in Europe.
stem from /ˈstem frɒm/ phr v	bắt nguồn từ Many of the city's problems stem from poor planning in the 1960s.
account for /əˈkaʊnt fɔː/ phr v	chiếm (tỉ lệ); giải thích Insects account for over half of all known animal species.
attributable /əˈtrɪbjətəbl/ adj	có thể quy cho Around ten percent of the deaths were attributable to air pollution.
precursor /priˈkɜːsə/ n	tiền thân The abacus is often seen as a precursor to the calculator.
forerunner /ˈfɔːrʌnə/ n	người/vật đi trước, tiền thân The telegraph was a forerunner of modern communication networks.
advent /ˈædvent/ n	sự ra đời, xuất hiện With the advent of railways, fresh fish reached inland towns.
inception /ɪnˈsepʃn/ n	sự khởi đầu, thành lập Since its inception in 1990, the project has planted a million trees.
emergence /iˈmɜːdʒəns/ n	sự nổi lên, xuất hiện The emergence of farming allowed people to live in permanent villages.
milestone /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/ n	cột mốc quan trọng The first powered flight was a milestone in transport history.
pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/ adj	tiên phong Her pioneering work on radiation earned her two Nobel prizes.
groundbreaking /ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ/ adj	mang tính đột phá The groundbreaking study changed how doctors treat heart disease.
seminal /ˈsemɪnl/ adj	có ảnh hưởng lớn (công trình) His seminal paper on memory is still widely cited today.
prevailing /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/ adj	đang thịnh hành, phổ biến The prevailing view at the time was that the earth was young.
prevalent /ˈprevələnt/ adj	phổ biến Malaria is still prevalent in parts of the tropics.
ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ adj	có mặt khắp nơi Plastic has become ubiquitous, even in the deepest oceans.
scarce /skeəs/ adj	khan hiếm Fresh water is becoming scarce in many desert cities.
abundant /əˈbʌndənt/ adj	dồi dào, phong phú Wildlife is abundant in the wetlands during the rainy season.
sparse /spɑːs/ adj	thưa thớt Vegetation is sparse on the upper slopes of the mountain.
dormant /ˈdɔːmənt/ adj	ngủ yên, không hoạt động The volcano had been dormant for over four hundred years.
viable /ˈvaɪəbl/ adj	khả thi, có thể tồn tại Tidal power is now a commercially viable source of energy.
feasible /ˈfiːzəbl/ adj	khả thi Building a tunnel under the bay was not technically feasible then.
robust /rəʊˈbʌst/ adj	vững chắc, đáng tin cậy The authors provide robust evidence for their main argument.
fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ adj	mong manh, dễ vỡ Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems that recover very slowly.
resilient /rɪˈzɪliənt/ adj	có khả năng phục hồi Some crops are more resilient to drought than traditional varieties.
susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ adj	dễ bị ảnh hưởng Young trees are particularly susceptible to frost damage.
prone to /ˈprəʊn tuː/ adj	dễ bị, có xu hướng Low-lying coastal areas are prone to flooding in winter.
endemic /enˈdemɪk/ adj	đặc hữu; đặc thù của vùng The lemur is endemic to Madagascar and found nowhere else.
trait /treɪt/ n	đặc điểm, tính trạng Curiosity is a trait shared by many successful scientists.
inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/ v	thừa hưởng, di truyền Children inherit half of their genes from each parent.
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adj	thuộc về nhận thức Bilingualism may bring cognitive benefits in later life.
deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ n	sự thiếu thốn, tước đoạt Even short periods of sleep deprivation affect concentration.
intake /ˈɪnteɪk/ n	lượng hấp thụ Reducing salt intake can lower blood pressure significantly.
threshold /ˈθreʃhəʊld/ n	ngưỡng Above a certain threshold, noise begins to damage hearing.
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/ n	độ lớn, tầm quan trọng Few people understood the magnitude of the problem at first.
negligible /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ adj	không đáng kể The effect of the new law on house prices was negligible.
disproportionate /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/ adj	không cân xứng Poorer households spend a disproportionate share of income on energy.
trade-off /ˈtreɪd ɒf/ n	sự đánh đổi There is a trade-off between speed and accuracy in this test.
by-product /ˈbaɪ ˌprɒdʌkt/ n	sản phẩm phụ Sawdust, a by-product of the timber industry, is used as fuel.
impetus /ˈɪmpɪtəs/ n	động lực, sự thúc đẩy The oil crisis gave new impetus to research on solar power.
underpin /ˌʌndəˈpɪn/ v	làm nền tảng cho A few simple principles underpin the whole of modern physics.
underlying /ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/ adj	cơ bản, tiềm ẩn bên dưới The underlying cause of the decline was a loss of habitat.
hitherto /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/ adv	cho đến nay, trước đây The tomb contained a hitherto unknown style of pottery.
to date /tə ˈdeɪt/ phrase	cho đến nay To date, no one has found a complete skeleton of the animal.
as yet /əz ˈjet/ phrase	cho đến giờ (vẫn chưa) The cause of the disease is, as yet, unknown.
by and large /ˌbaɪ ən ˈlɑːdʒ/ phrase	nhìn chung By and large, the new rules have been welcomed by farmers.
in essence /ɪn ˈesns/ phrase	về bản chất In essence, the theory says that all life shares a common ancestor.
contrary to /ˈkɒntrəri tuː/ phrase	trái với Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind.
akin to /əˈkɪn tuː/ adj	giống với, tương tự The sound the whale makes is akin to a human song.
analogous /əˈnæləɡəs/ adj	tương tự (để so sánh) The heart is analogous to a pump in a heating system.
tantamount to /ˈtæntəmaʊnt tuː/ adj	chẳng khác gì, tương đương với Ignoring the warning would be tantamount to admitting failure.
synonymous with /sɪˈnɒnɪməs wɪð/ adj	gắn liền với, đồng nghĩa với The town's name became synonymous with fine porcelain.
in the wake of /ɪn ðə ˈweɪk əv/ phrase	sau, do hậu quả của In the wake of the floods, new building rules were introduced.
as opposed to /əz əˈpəʊzd tuː/ phrase	trái ngược với Students learned more from doing, as opposed to simply listening.