🎓 Education & Academic Research · Vocabulary for Specific Fields · 150 words

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curriculum n	all the subjects and content taught in a school or course The new curriculum places more emphasis on critical thinking.
syllabus n	an outline of topics and requirements for a course The syllabus lists all readings and assignment deadlines.
learning outcome n	what students should know or be able to do after a course Each lesson plan begins with clear learning outcomes for students.
lesson plan n	a teacher's detailed plan for a single lesson She prepared a lesson plan with group activities and a short quiz.
pedagogy n	the theory and practice of teaching Modern pedagogy encourages students to learn through discovery.
teaching method n	a particular way of teaching a subject The study compared two teaching methods for vocabulary learning.
student-centered learning n	an approach where students actively direct their own learning Student-centered learning gives learners more responsibility for their progress.
active learning n	learning by doing activities rather than just listening Active learning tasks kept the class engaged for the whole session.
blended learning n	a mix of face-to-face and online learning The university adopted blended learning for all first-year courses.
distance learning n	studying remotely without attending classes in person Distance learning allows working adults to earn a degree.
e-learning n	learning delivered through electronic devices and the internet The company uses e-learning modules to train new staff.
flipped classroom n	a model where students study content at home and practise in class In our flipped classroom, students watch lectures before coming to class.
learner autonomy n	a learner's ability to take charge of their own learning Self-study projects and reflective journals help develop learner autonomy over time.
critical thinking n	analysing information carefully to form reasoned judgements Debate activities build critical thinking among secondary students.
assessment n	the process of measuring students' learning Continuous assessment replaced the single final exam in all language courses.
formative assessment n	ongoing assessment used to improve learning during a course Short weekly quizzes serve as formative assessment and guide the next lesson.
summative assessment n	assessment at the end of a course to measure achievement The final exam is the main summative assessment for the module.
rubric n	a scoring guide listing criteria and performance levels Students received the rubric before writing their essays.
grading n	giving marks or grades to students' work Grading forty essays took the lecturer the entire weekend.
transcript n	an official record of a student's courses and grades Applicants must submit an official academic transcript from their previous university.
grade point average n	the average of a student's grades over a period A grade point average of 3.5 is required for the scholarship.
credit n	a unit showing completion of part of a degree course Students need one hundred and twenty credits to graduate.
prerequisite n	a course that must be completed before taking another Statistics I is a prerequisite for the research methods course.
elective n	a course that students can choose to take She took psychology as an elective in her second year.
compulsory subject n	a subject all students must study Mathematics is a compulsory subject until grade twelve.
undergraduate n	a university student studying for a first degree Most undergraduates live in dormitories during their first year.
postgraduate adj	relating to study after a first degree The university offers postgraduate courses in public health.
bachelor's degree n	a first university degree, usually after three or four years She earned a bachelor's degree in English language teaching.
master's degree n	a postgraduate degree, usually after one or two years He is studying for a master's degree in data science.
doctorate n	the highest university degree, awarded for original research She completed her doctorate on rural education in Vietnam.
PhD candidate n	a student working towards a doctoral degree Each PhD candidate must publish at least two journal articles.
dissertation n	a long piece of research writing for a degree Her dissertation examines code-switching among bilingual teenagers in Ho Chi Minh City.
thesis n	a long research paper for a degree, or its main argument He defended his thesis in front of a committee of five professors.
thesis defense n	an oral examination where a candidate presents and defends their thesis The thesis defense lasted two hours, including questions.
supervisor n	an academic who guides a student's research My supervisor suggested narrowing the research question to one age group.
faculty n	a university department, or all its teaching staff The Faculty of Education hired ten new lecturers this year.
lecturer n	a person who teaches at a university The lecturer uploaded her slides after each session.
tenure n	a permanent academic position that protects against dismissal Professors usually receive tenure after several years of strong research.
tuition fee n	money paid for teaching at a school or university Tuition fees for international students increased by eight percent.
scholarship n	money given to a student to help pay for education She won a full scholarship to study in Australia.
enrolment n	officially joining a course, or the number of students joining Enrolment in engineering programmes rose sharply this year.
admission n	the process of accepting students into a school Admission to the medical school is highly competitive.
entrance exam n	a test taken to gain a place at a school or university Thousands of students sat the entrance exam for the gifted school.
academic year n	the period of the year when classes are held The academic year at most Vietnamese universities begins in early September.
semester n	one of the two main periods of the academic year Full-time students usually take five courses each semester.
attendance n	being present at classes Attendance counts for ten percent of the final grade.
tutorial n	a small-group class for discussion with a tutor Weekly tutorials give students a chance to ask detailed questions.
seminar n	a class or meeting for discussing a particular topic Postgraduate students present their work at a monthly seminar.
workshop n	a practical session where people learn skills by doing Teachers attended a workshop on using AI tools in class.
professional development n	training that helps employees improve their work skills All teachers complete forty hours of professional development each year.
teacher training n	courses that prepare people to become teachers Teacher training now includes classroom management and digital skills.
classroom management n	the skills a teacher uses to keep a class organised and focused Good classroom management reduces disruptive behaviour and saves valuable teaching time.
differentiated instruction n	adapting teaching to suit students of different abilities Differentiated instruction helps both weaker and stronger readers progress.
scaffolding n	temporary support that helps learners complete tasks they cannot do alone Sentence starters provide scaffolding for students writing their first essay.
inclusive education n	education where all learners, including those with disabilities, study together The school promotes inclusive education for children with hearing loss.
special needs n	particular learning needs due to disability or difficulty Two assistants support students with special needs in the class.
literacy n	the ability to read and write The programme improved adult literacy in remote mountain villages.
numeracy n	the ability to understand and work with numbers Early numeracy skills predict later success in mathematics.
vocational training n	training for a specific job or trade Vocational training in welding offers young people quick employment.
lifelong learning n	continuing to learn throughout one's life Online courses make lifelong learning easier for busy professionals.
accreditation n	official approval that a programme meets required standards The business programme received international accreditation last year.
quality assurance n	processes that ensure educational standards are maintained The quality assurance office reviews every course annually.
research n	careful study to discover new facts or information Her research focuses on motivation in second language learning.
research question n	the specific question a study aims to answer A clear research question guides every stage of the study.
research gap n	an area that previous studies have not yet explored The literature review identified a research gap in rural schools.
literature review n	a summary and evaluation of previous research on a topic Chapter two presents a literature review of feedback studies.
research proposal n	a document describing a planned study and its methods Students must submit a research proposal before collecting data.
methodology n	the overall approach and methods used in a study The methodology section explains how participants were selected.
qualitative research n	research using words, interviews and observations rather than numbers Qualitative research revealed teachers' feelings about the reform.
quantitative research n	research using numerical data and statistical analysis Quantitative research measured test scores across fifty schools.
mixed methods n	combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in one study The project used mixed methods, including surveys and interviews.
case study n	an in-depth study of one person, group or situation The case study followed one school through a full year of reform.
questionnaire n	a written set of questions used to collect data Two hundred students completed the questionnaire anonymously during class time.
interview n	a conversation where a researcher asks participants questions Each interview was recorded and transcribed for analysis.
participant n	a person who takes part in a study Each participant signed a consent form before the experiment.
informed consent n	permission given by participants who understand the study's risks Researchers obtained informed consent from parents of all children.
research ethics n	moral principles guiding how research is conducted The research ethics committee approved the study design.
sampling n	the process of selecting participants or items for a study Random sampling ensured every school had an equal chance of selection.
sample size n	the number of participants or observations in a study The small sample size limits how far the results can be generalised.
data collection n	gathering information for research Data collection took place over three months in five provinces.
data analysis n	examining data to find patterns and answer questions Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software.
statistical significance n	evidence that a result is unlikely to be due to chance The difference between groups did not reach statistical significance.
correlation n	a relationship where two things change together There was a strong correlation between reading time and test scores.
causation n	the relationship where one thing directly causes another Correlation alone does not prove causation, so the authors interpret results cautiously.
validity n	how well a study or test measures what it claims to Piloting the questionnaire improved the validity of the study.
reliability n	how consistent a measurement is over time or between raters Two raters scored each essay to check the reliability of grading.
bias n	an unfair influence that distorts results or judgement Using only volunteers may introduce bias into the sample.
limitation n	a weakness or constraint that affects a study's conclusions One limitation of the study is its short time frame.
findings n	the results or conclusions of a study The findings suggest that peer feedback improves writing accuracy.
implication n	a possible effect or meaning of research results The study has important implications for teacher training.
framework n	a structure of ideas used to guide research or analysis The study draws on a sociocultural framework of learning.
variable n	a factor measured or changed in a study Motivation was treated as the dependent variable in the analysis.
academic writing n	the formal style of writing used in universities and research Academic writing requires clear arguments supported by evidence.
abstract n	a short summary at the start of a research paper The abstract should not exceed two hundred and fifty words.
citation n	a reference to a source used in a piece of writing Every citation in the text must appear in the reference list.
reference list n	a list of all sources cited in a piece of work The reference list must follow APA seventh edition style.
bibliography n	a list of books and articles consulted for a piece of work His bibliography includes sources in English, French and Vietnamese.
plagiarism n	using someone else's work or ideas without giving credit Plagiarism can lead to failing the course or expulsion.
paraphrase v	to express someone else's ideas in different words Students must paraphrase sources and still cite the original author.
academic integrity n	honesty and fairness in study and research All students sign a pledge of academic integrity at enrolment.
peer review n	evaluation of a manuscript by experts in the same field The article was revised twice during peer review.
academic journal n	a publication containing research articles in a field She published her findings in an international academic journal.
impact factor n	a measure of how often a journal's articles are cited Universities often reward publications in journals with a high impact factor.
manuscript n	a draft of an article or book submitted for publication The editor returned the manuscript with reviewers' comments.
publication n	a published piece of research, or the act of publishing it Promotion to associate professor requires several international publications.
conference paper n	a research paper presented at an academic conference He presented a conference paper on task-based learning in Singapore.
research grant n	money given to fund a research project The team won a research grant to study rural school dropout.
principal investigator n	the lead researcher responsible for a funded project As principal investigator, she manages the budget and research team.
hypothesis n	a prediction a study is designed to test The results supported our hypothesis that feedback improves accuracy.
pilot study n	a small preliminary study to test methods before the main study A pilot study revealed that some survey questions were confusing.
longitudinal study n	research that follows the same subjects over a long period The longitudinal study tracked children from age six to sixteen.
empirical adj	based on observation or experiment rather than theory The paper provides empirical evidence for the benefits of extensive reading.
theoretical adj	based on ideas and principles rather than practice The first chapter sets out the theoretical background of the study.
academic advisor n	a staff member who helps students plan their studies My academic advisor helped me choose courses for next semester.
extracurricular activities n	activities outside normal lessons, such as clubs and sports Universities value extracurricular activities as well as grades.
internship n	a period of work experience for students Final-year students complete a three-month internship at a company.
graduation n	completing a degree, or the ceremony celebrating it Parents travelled from the provinces to attend the graduation ceremony.
alumni n	former students of a school or university Successful alumni often return to mentor current students.
academic probation n	a warning status for students with low grades Students with a GPA below 2.0 are placed on academic probation.
dropout rate n	the percentage of students who leave before finishing Free school meals helped reduce the dropout rate in rural areas.
standardized test n	a test given and scored in the same way for all candidates Many universities no longer require standardized test scores.
proficiency n	a high level of skill or ability in something Applicants must show English proficiency equivalent to IELTS 6.5.
competency n	the knowledge and skills needed to do something well The new curriculum is built around core competencies rather than content.
higher education n	education at universities and colleges after secondary school Access to higher education has expanded rapidly in the last decade.
primary education n	the first stage of formal schooling for young children Primary education is free and compulsory in Vietnam.
secondary education n	schooling that follows primary education Most pupils complete secondary education by age eighteen.
early childhood education n	education for children before they start primary school Investment in early childhood education brings long-term social benefits.
education policy n	government plans and rules for the education system Changes in education policy have shortened the school year.
educational reform n	major changes made to improve an education system The educational reform introduced new textbooks across all grades.
learning management system n	software for delivering and tracking online courses All assignments are submitted through the learning management system.
MOOC n	a free online course open to very large numbers of learners He learned basic programming by completing a MOOC from a US university.
peer feedback n	comments students give on each other's work Peer feedback helped students notice errors in their own essays.
group work n	tasks completed by students working together Group work encourages students to share ideas and responsibilities.
oral presentation n	a spoken talk given to an audience, often with slides Each student gives a ten-minute oral presentation on their project.
assignment n	a piece of work given to students to complete The assignment is due at midnight on Friday.
deadline n	the latest time by which something must be done Late submissions after the deadline will lose ten percent.
extension n	extra time allowed to complete work She asked her tutor for an extension because of illness.
invigilator n	a person who supervises students during an exam The invigilator collected all phones before the exam started.
mock exam n	a practice exam taken before the real one Students sit a mock exam in March to prepare for finals.
academic calendar n	the schedule of terms, holidays and exams for a school year Check the academic calendar for registration and exam dates.
course registration n	the process of signing up for classes Course registration opens online two weeks before the semester.
visiting scholar n	an academic who spends time researching at another university A visiting scholar from Japan joined our department for six months.
research assistant n	a person who helps with data collection and analysis on a project The research assistant transcribed forty hours of interviews.
teaching assistant n	a person who helps a teacher or lecturer in classes The teaching assistant marks weekly quizzes and runs tutorials.
scientific article n	a written report of original research published in a journal Writing a scientific article requires precise and concise language.
co-author n	a person who writes a paper or book together with others Her supervisor is listed as co-author on the paper.
open access n	research made freely available online to anyone Publishing open access allows teachers worldwide to read the study.
learning style n	the way a person prefers to take in and process information The questionnaire asked students to describe their preferred learning style.
academic performance n	how well a student does in their studies Sleep quality was linked to better academic performance among teenagers.
feedback n	comments on someone's work intended to help them improve Written feedback on drafts helped students revise their arguments.