3️⃣ Awl3 · Academic Word List (AWL) · 60 words

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alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ n	something that can be used or chosen instead of another Cycling offers a cheap alternative to driving.
circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ n	a fact or condition that affects a situation Under no circumstances should patient data be shared.
comment /ˈkɒment/ v	to express an opinion about something The minister declined to comment on the report.
compensate /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/ v	to pay someone for loss or damage, or to balance a negative effect Higher wages do not fully compensate for longer working hours.
component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ n	one of the parts that make up a whole Exercise is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle.
consent /kənˈsent/ n	permission to do something All participants gave written consent before the study.
considerable /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ adj	large in size, amount or importance The project required a considerable amount of public money.
constant /ˈkɒnstənt/ adj	happening all the time, or staying the same The population remained fairly constant throughout the decade.
constrain /kənˈstreɪn/ v	to limit or restrict something Economic growth is constrained by a shortage of skilled workers.
contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v	to give or help to cause something Many factors contributed to the decline in birth rates.
convene /kənˈviːn/ v	to arrange or come together for a formal meeting An expert panel was convened to review the evidence.
coordinate /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/ v	to organise different people or parts so they work together Several agencies coordinated the relief effort.
core /kɔː(r)/ adj	most important or central Reading and maths are core subjects in primary education.
corporate /ˈkɔːpərət/ adj	relating to large companies Corporate tax rates vary widely between countries.
correspond /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ v	to match or be similar, or to exchange letters The rise in crime corresponded with a fall in police numbers.
criteria /kraɪˈtɪəriə/ n	standards used for judging or deciding something Applicants must meet strict criteria to receive funding.
deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/ v	to reach a conclusion from available information From the evidence, we can deduce that the site was abandoned suddenly.
demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ v	to show clearly that something is true The study demonstrates a clear link between diet and mood.
document /ˈdɒkjumənt/ n	an official paper or file containing information The government published a policy document on housing.
dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/ v	to control or be the most important or noticeable part A few large firms dominate the global technology market.
emphasis /ˈemfəsɪs/ n	special importance given to something Modern schools place more emphasis on creativity.
ensure /ɪnˈʃʊə(r)/ v	to make certain that something happens Regulations ensure that food is safe to eat.
exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ v	to deliberately not include someone or something Incomplete responses were excluded from the analysis.
framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ n	a basic structure of ideas or rules The treaty provides a legal framework for cooperation.
fund /fʌnd/ n	money collected or provided for a particular purpose The charity set up a fund to support flood victims.
illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/ v	to make something clearer using examples or pictures The graph illustrates changes in energy use since 1990.
immigrate /ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/ v	to come to live permanently in a foreign country Many skilled workers immigrated to Canada in the 1990s.
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ v	to suggest something without saying it directly The findings imply that current policies are ineffective.
initial /ɪˈnɪʃl/ adj	happening at the beginning Initial results from the trial are encouraging.
instance /ˈɪnstəns/ n	a particular example or case of something In many instances, the problem was caused by poor training.
interact /ˌɪntərˈækt/ v	to communicate with or affect each other Children learn by interacting with others.
justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ v	to show that something is reasonable or right It is hard to justify spending so much on space exploration.
layer /ˈleɪə(r)/ n	a level or sheet of material lying over or under another The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful radiation.
link /lɪŋk/ n	a connection between two things There is a clear link between smoking and lung cancer.
locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/ v	to find the position of something, or to put something in a place The factory is located close to the port.
maximise /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/ v	to increase something as much as possible Companies aim to maximise profits while reducing costs.
minor /ˈmaɪnə(r)/ adj	small or not very important Only minor changes were made to the original plan.
negate /nɪˈɡeɪt/ v	to cancel the effect of something Rising prices may negate the benefits of higher wages.
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ n	the result or effect of an action or process Early diagnosis leads to better outcomes for patients.
partner /ˈpɑːtnə(r)/ n	a person or organisation working with another China is the country's largest trading partner.
philosophy /fəˈlɒsəfi/ n	the study of ideas about life and knowledge, or a set of beliefs The school's philosophy is based on learning through play.
physical /ˈfɪzɪkl/ adj	relating to the body, or to things that can be touched Regular physical activity reduces the risk of disease.
proportion /prəˈpɔːʃn/ n	a part of a whole, or the relationship between amounts A large proportion of graduates work in the service sector.
publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v	to make information or writing available to the public The results were published in a scientific journal.
react /riˈækt/ v	to behave in a particular way as a result of something Markets reacted badly to the interest rate rise.
register /ˈredʒɪstə(r)/ v	to put a name on an official list All voters must register before the deadline.
rely /rɪˈlaɪ/ v	to depend on someone or something Many rural areas rely heavily on agriculture.
remove /rɪˈmuːv/ v	to take something away from a place The new filters remove most pollutants from the water.
scheme /skiːm/ n	an official plan or system for doing something A recycling scheme was introduced in all schools.
sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ n	a series of related things in a particular order The diagram shows the sequence of steps in paper production.
sex /seks/ n	the state of being male or female The data were analysed by age and sex.
shift /ʃɪft/ n	a change in position, direction or opinion There has been a shift towards online learning.
specify /ˈspesɪfaɪ/ v	to state something clearly and in detail The contract specifies the hours employees must work.
sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/ adj	enough for a particular purpose There is not sufficient evidence to support this claim.
task /tɑːsk/ n	a piece of work that must be done Robots now perform many repetitive tasks in factories.
technical /ˈteknɪkl/ adj	relating to practical knowledge, machines or science The project was delayed by technical problems.
technique /tekˈniːk/ n	a particular way of doing something that needs skill New farming techniques have increased crop yields.
technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ n	scientific knowledge used to make machines and solve problems Advances in technology have transformed communication.
valid /ˈvælɪd/ adj	legally acceptable, or based on sound reasoning Critics raise a valid point about the cost of the scheme.
volume /ˈvɒljuːm/ n	the amount or quantity of something The volume of traffic has doubled in the past decade.